Delaney Worrix

Johnathan Maxey

English 1001

13, April 2020

Reflective Essay Rough Draft

Some things I struggled with throughout this course was some of the topics we had to work with. Some of the topics were challenging and for me it was hard to work with. One other thing I struggled with during this course is switching to online. Switching to online only class got me somewhat off track due to not being able to talk in person to get face to face feedback. These issues were challenging due to not being able to get an immediate response back if I had a question. While we are doing everything online, communication can be hard, and we won’t get that immediate response.  As far as struggling with the topics that was hard because if you don’t know much of the topic or you don’t understand the topic you cannot write a paper. With the problems that I have struggled with for this semester it defiantly impacted my work. There are ways it was impacted in a good way and bad way. Some ways it was good is having everything online you can get it done on your own time. One bad thing that impacted me was not being able to talk in person and emailing response times were too long of a wait sometimes, meaning I would figure it out before I got an emailed response back. I can’t really solve my online problems since it is mandatory that all school are currently online. As far as me struggling with the topics to resolve this issue I could ask more questions and read more information on the certain topic. During this class some writing skills I have improved on is citations. I used to struggle with my works cited pages, but during this class I have figured out what I was doing wrong and fixed it. As a writer I believe some of my strong suits are finding good information on research topics. I think I find good credible sources that are very helpful to my essay. I think this is my strength because I have the patience to sit and scroll through lots of articles to find the right information for a certain essay. this strength has been shown in my exploratory essay. we had to use five different types of articles and I feel I did good working with what I had to.

While doing the rhetorical analysis paper I learned that this type of writing is meant to be informative and is trying to persuade you with the writing. This differs from different writing because it was us analyzing someone else’s work and trying to understand what the author means with their writing. Analysis plays other rolls in college writing because we are not always just analyzing them, but we do lots of research along with it. In this article that we had to read, I struggled with comprehending some of the language because it’s not used in our everyday conversations and it is meant for college professors. Some things I did well with this essay is picking out parts of it and trying to understand what they actually mean. 

While writing the exploratory essay I have learned more information about my future career. It was very interesting to see what all goes on in this field and it showed me that this job is really important. I also learned a few things that I did not know prior to writing this.  This is different from other forms of writing because when writing you are focused on one specific career and you are finding specific information regarding the career. It also allows others to get an idea of what the field you’re going into is like. It was pretty easy for me not to take a position while writing this because some facts I found I did not even know myself before doing all the research. The exploratory essay can play other roles in college writing such as an informative paper, they are similar because you are finding and stating facts about a certain area. I struggled with finding a few of my questions to get answers for but later on found that it will vary job to job. While writing this I feel I did pretty good with my word choices and explaining some of the things stated in my essay. Overall, I feel I did pretty decent with it.

While writing this essay I learned more information about my topic like is it safe and the health problems it could create.  I also learned how to cite my sources correctly. This differs from other writing because you are looking at the pros and cons and finding a solution for the problem it is creating.  To find this information for my topic it was quite difficult. It was difficult because my topic is too broad. I was trying to find out ways to protect someone better from radiation and there was not much out there since they already have lead aprons. It was not hard to stick with one side only. I found it was easier since I knew more information on that side of the topic. This plays another roll in other college writing because it is finding information about certain issues and finding support to back up claims you are fighting. I struggled with the refutation. it was somewhat vague to me. I also struggled with making my paper the length required the 8- 10 pages just because I’m not finding enough information. Also, I struggled with finding some reliable sources, with this topic of mine being so broad it was hard to find a solution that I can work with. I also struggled with syllogism part I did not understand the definition of a syllogism all that much to begin with. I think in this essay I did okay on my conclusion and that’s not really much but that’s my only strong suit from this.

This project was somewhat hard for me to comprehend just because it is so vague. It is mainly just made up of pictures, and very few words. This project differs from other forms of writing because it’s a solution I am proposing and it’s a PowerPoint. The PowerPoint is mostly pictures so that is also a difference from other writings we have done. For me it was hard to find media because my topic is a broad category. There is a lot of things in my topic. Also, the videos were all over the time limit but none of them really described what I was looking for. I struggled with this entire project. It was a hard topic for me to cover using mostly just pictures. I struggled because I needed to see some examples and it is just a vague description on what to really do. I believe I did good with the information I had to work with.

After completing this course, I wish I could have done my rhetorical analysis paper better. I struggled with that paper because the topic was hard for me understand. Also, while doing this paper I had a hard time with the wording since it was written in a different time frame. After completing this course, I would say my exploratory paper is the one paper I am most proud of. I believe that I put in good work for the exploratory essay and it was easier for me than the rest of the things we have written. My assignments in this class reflected on other things I will be doing in other English classes in the future. My knowledge from this course that I can use in other classes is how to find good sources for writing papers, along with how to make my works cited page formatted correctly. My advice for someone taking this course would be to make sure you take your time on these papers. Don’t wait until a few hours before they are due, that will create more work for you in the end during your revision process.

Delaney Worrix

Johnathan Maxey

English 1001

30, March 2020

Rough Draft Research Essay

Introduction

It can be scary getting an x-ray done but I’m here to tell you why it’s not. It’s totally safe even though everyone makes them out to not be. X-rays were first discovered back in eighteen ninety-five by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. “Working with a cathode-ray tube in his laboratory, Roentgen observed a fluorescent glow of crystals on a table near his tube. He concluded that a new type of ray was being emitted from the tube. This ray was capable of passing through the heavy paper covering and exciting the phosphorescent materials in the room. He found that the new ray could pass through most substances casting shadows of solid objects” (NDT) he later experimented on his wife’s hand. “In June 1896, only 6 months after Roentgen announced his discovery, X-rays were being used by battlefield physicians to locate bullets in wounded soldiers.” (NDT) “The UK Science Museum reports that by 1930, “X ray machines were central to hospital diagnosis,” radiology departments were being opened world-wide and specific training for radiologists and technicians had begun.” What is the point of an x-ray? An article by health line explains “Your doctor may order an X-ray to: examine an area where you’re experiencing pain or discomfort, monitor the progression of a diagnosed disease, such as osteoporosis, check how well a prescribed treatment is working” (Krans) The doctor ordering the x-ray is just wanting to take a closer look inside where they cannot see too such as bones, muscles and ligaments. A few frequently asked questions are is it safe for me to get this done? How does this affect the workers in their health and how much radiation am I being exposed to during this?

Main point one

Are you really exposed to that much radiation during an x-ray?  If you are exposed to radiation, then you think you are more prone to cancer. According to the FDA “For example, the radiation exposure from one chest X-ray equals the amount of radiation a person is exposed to from their natural surroundings in 10 days.” (FDA) with this being said we are already being exposed to radiation on a day to day basis not just when going in for an x-ray. We are always being exposed to radiation without even knowing that we are. The FDA states “The average person in the United States receives a dose of about 3 mSv per year from naturally occurring radiation.” (FDA) mSv stands for millisievert. The average x-ray gives off 0.1 mSv. How can an x-ray increase your risk for cancer? According to the Radiation risk calculator “The cell dies (only occurs with very high doses), The cell repairs itself perfectly (most common result) and the cell repairs itself with mistakes (rare).” (radiation risk calculator) So, as you are being exposed to radiation it is not enough to cause health problems, but it does end up killing some cells. However, in the end they end up repairing themselves. “The inaccurate repair of DNA is rare but can cause a cell to act wildly or grow into a cancer.” So, while being exposed to radiation it is rare that it will cause cancer, but it is always a possibility. There are always ways to avoid extra radiation such as asking if you could get a different procedure done such as an ultrasound or MRI. Another way to avoid extra radiation stated by the radiation rick calculator they say “University or Academic Medical centers tend to be more conservative and radiation dose conscious lowering your radiation exposure. In addition, they have more resources available for medical physicists and state of the art equipment.” (radiation risk calculator)

Main point two

A frequent question asked about x-rays is, is it safe for me to get an x-ray done? In this article I’m going to be looking at how safe it is for someone to get an x-ray taken. People often freak out when they have to have an x-ray done just for the simple fact that it is producing radiation. As Brian Krans states in the article “X-Ray: Purpose, Procedure, and Risks” he says “X-rays use small amounts of radiation to create images of your body. The level of radiation exposure is considered safe for most adults, but not for a developing baby” (Krans) so while getting an x-ray done can be scary it is safe but has room for improvements. There are also some side effects that come with getting an image taken. Some doctors may ask you to drink a contrast before the image is taken in order to view parts of your body that may not be easily seen without it. Brian states “In very rare cases, the dye can cause a severe reaction, such as anaphylactic shock, very low blood pressure, or cardiac arrest.” (Krans) While it is okay to get an x-ray done there are room for new developments. Such as how to protect yourself better from the radiation. To fix the problem we need to have better protective gear to shield the parts of the body that are not being imaged. They have lead aprons already to protect anyone that is in the room, but the patient also needs the same thing. Mary Jaklevic from the New York Times states “Lead shields are difficult to position accurately, so they often miss the target area they are supposed to protect. Even when in the right place, they can inadvertently obscure areas of the body a doctor needs to see” (Jaklevic) We need something that is going to shield you one hundred percent of the time and that we know is not going to move. In my next article I’m going to talk about.

Main point three

One thing that is not often thought about when in the radiology department is the affects it has on the workers. Not only are health care workers in this department exposed to radiation but they also can be leaving with other medical issues. As Swapndeep Singh Atwal states in the article “Health Issues among Radiologists: Toll They Pay to Their Profession.” It says “Eye strain or asthenopia is one of the most common eye related problem among the computer users. Its prevalence has increased amongst radiologists due to the increased trend of filmless radiology departments and wider usage of PACS” (Atwal) “Another factor for eye strain is lighting in the room. Reporting rooms should have good ambient light. It should be adjustable and neither too bright nor too dark and should be as bright as the computer screen.” (Atwal) now if you have ever had an x-ray taken you would know that the rooms are typically dark, which also puts the workers in the department’s at risk for eye strain. Another issue with working in this department is musculoskeletal problems. Atwal states “another vexing issue which has shown a sharp rise in the recent years is the musculoskeletal symptoms ranging from low backache to more severe neuromuscular symptoms.” (Atwal) these problems occur due to the physicians sitting at their computer too long without movement or proper stretching throughout the day. One final thing that Atwal talks about that only affects women is that working in this department can be someone who is pregnant. Atwal states “The crucial time period between conception and confirmation of a probable pregnancy, after which the worker should officially be considered to work in a less radiation prone zone, as it happens to coincide with the organogenesis of the fetus, having maximum chance of being at risk of accidental irradiation and all the consequential risk to the unborn child.” (Atwal) The CDC states “Depending on the stage of fetal development, the health consequences of exposure at doses greater than 0.5 Gy can be severe, even if such a dose is too low to cause an immediate effect for the mother. The health consequences can include growth restriction, malformations, impaired brain function, and cancer.” (CDC) now let’s

 talk about a few things we have covered.

Refutation

They say that during an x-ray the radiation can be harmful and cause health problems in the future like cancer. I can understand why people think that it can be harmful because it can be but there are benefits. The whole purpose of getting an x-ray is for the doctor to see inside the body to places they can’t see with their eyes alone like bones and muscles. Anthony L. Komaroff was asked a question on the Harvard health letter in which the question was “I always worry about cancer risks when I have -x-rays or airport screenings. Am I overreacting?” Komaroff replied to this question with “We use a lot of x-rays in medicine and in other places (like airports). Too much radiation exposure over time definitely can have adverse effects on health. So, you’re right to be careful, and to ask if you really need a test that involves radiation when your doctor orders one.” Then he proceeded to go into detail on how much radiation exposure is harmful. Komaroff states “The average natural background radiation in the United States is 3.7 mSv per year. A simple chest x-ray (two views) exposes a person to an average of 0.01 mSv, or roughly the amount of radiation you get in a day from the natural background. Dental x-rays are even less.” (Komaroff) We are always being exposed to radiation without even knowing that we are in our day to day lives, such as using our cellphones or even the microwave. How can radiation be a benefit to people? “For many common cancers, such as breast cancer, bowel cancer and prostate cancer, radiation therapy is highly effective in reducing the risk of cancer recurrence after surgery or helping the surgery be more successful. It can also cure the cancer if it has recurred locally after prostate cancer surgery.” (Radiation Oncology) 

Conclusion

In summary from the research that I have found, I can now show people that x-rays are not a scary thing because of radiation. Radiation is all around us all the time, we are exposed to it daily and from common things we are always using such as our phones. The NRC state “On average, Americans receive a radiation dose of about 0.62 rem (620 millirem) each year. Half of this dose comes from natural background radiation. Most of this background exposure comes from radon in the air, with smaller amounts from cosmic rays and the Earth itself. (The chart to the right shows these radiation doses in perspective.) The other half (0.31 rem or 310 mrem) comes from man-made sources of radiation, including medical, commercial, and industrial sources.” (NRC) What people need to do when getting an x-ray done is wear the most protective gear you can to avoid as much contact with radiation as you can. Overall, I would say it is okay to get an x-ray just don’t expose yourself to the radiation if you don’t need to.

Works Cited

“A Brief History of X-Rays in Hospitals.” Lancs Industries, 28 Jan. 2020, http://www.lancsindustries.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-x-rays-in-hospitals/.

History, http://www.nde-

ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Introduction/history.htm.

Krans, Brian. “X-Ray: Purpose, Procedure, and Risks.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 6 June 2017, www.healthline.com/health/x-ray.

Jaklevic, Mary Chris. “That Lead Apron in the X-Ray Room? You May Not Need It.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 14 Jan. 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/01/14/well/live/radiation-exposure-x-rays-scans-lead-apron.html.

Atwal, Swapndeep Singh, et al. “Health Issues among Radiologists: Toll They Pay to Their Profession.” Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR, JCDR Research and Publications (P) Limited, 11 Apr. 2017, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5449879/.

“Radiation and Pregnancy: Information for Clinicians.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 May 2019, www.cdc.gov/nceh/radiation/emergencies/prenatalphysician.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https://emergency.cdc.gov/radiation/prenatalphysician.asp.

Komaroff M.D., Anthony L. “Ask the Doctor: Should I Worry about x-Rays?” Harvard Health, July 2013, www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/should-i-worry-about-x-rays.

“Radiation Therapy Benefits & Effectiveness.” Targeting Cancer, www.targetingcancer.com.au/about-radiation-oncology/benefits-and-effectiveness/.

“Doses in Our Daily Lives.” United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission – Protecting People and the Environment, United Sates Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2 Oct. 2017, www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation/around-us/doses-daily-lives.html.

Center for Devices and Radiological Health. “Do Cell Phones Pose a Health Hazard?” U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA, 10 Feb. 2020, www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/cell-phones/do-cell-phones-pose-health-hazard.

“Could Your Phone Harm Your Health?: Explore.” Could Your Phone Harm Your Health?| Explore, www.physics.org/article-questions.asp?id=84.

Delaney Worrix

Johnathan Maxey

English 1001

28 February 2020

Rough draft Exploratory

Have you ever wondered what radiology is? It not just x-rays, in radiology there are several different departments that are all different ways of taking pictures of certain body regions. Radiology consist of different departments such as x-ray, MRI, cat scan etc. My main focus is going to be x-ray (radiologic technologist). The first x-ray was taken in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. He was fiddling around with this device on his wife’s hand that he had made and realized that when he took the picture you could see all of the bones in her hand. Shortly after they had physicians on battlefields using this to look at the soldier’s wounds. Since then x-rays have advanced juristically, but now there are a few questions I have about this career. Some of the questions I have is how much of a demand is there for this job? What kind of schooling do I need to get through to have a job in this field? What is the pay like? If I want to switch from x-ray to MRI what would I need to do, or can I even switch to a different department? Would I be working in a doctor’s office or hospital? Is this a safe department to work in? What is the environment like working in this profession? What are some of the daily things that I would be doing? Am I going to be working on the weekends? What are some of the benefits that I would get working in this position?

BLS is a website where you can find information about almost any job that was created by the government. On an average workday an x-ray technologist sees many different patients. Here is a list of different tasks an x-ray tech does in a day. They first prepare the patient for the image about to be taken, then go on to explain what is going to happen and answer any questions the patient might have about the procedure. They continue on by verifying the name and date of birth of the patient. They also ask about past medical history to make sure that it is okay for you to have this done. They then protect the patient by shielding exposed areas that do not need to be imaged, then position the patient to the proper view of the body that is being pictured. They operate computers to look at pictures that have been taken and to keep medical records in. They also work with other physicians to determine whether other photos need to be taken or if the imagine is not clear enough. The work environment consists mainly of working in hospitals, but they do have x-ray tech who work in doctor’s offices and in outpatient care centers. According to BLS “Radiologic and MRI technologists work in healthcare facilities, and more than half work in hospitals.” (BLS) 

This newspaper article is going to explain how to become a radiologic technologist, look at the median salary for this profession and a few things about the programs you can go into to obtain a degree in this profession. In order to become a radiologic technologist (x-ray tech) you need to start by completing a few years of school. You first need to obtain a two-year associates degree from a college or radiologic technologist school.  Once you have obtained your degree in this field you must take the national exam and become ARRT (American Registry of Radiologic Technologists) certified. As the article states “Radiologic technologists must be confident in their imaging skills and able relate to patients and put them at ease.” (US official news) With this being said going through all of this training they want the patient to feel as comfortable as possible. When certified they can perform diagnostic imagining such as x-rays and other imaging machines. You might be wondering what really is an x-ray? What is it really looking at? Well as the article states “The diagnostic images radiologic technologists capture offers a glimpse inside the body without requiring invasive surgery.” Some other big question people have about this profession is the salary. The article clarifies that “you’ll be part of an in-demand career which has a median annual salary of $57,450 according to the 2018 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.” (US official news) in the next article I’m going to talk about the demand for this job.

This article talks about the demand for this profession (radiologic technologist). This article is based in the Philippines and talks about the health care system demand and medical tourism.  As the article states “Baldoz said that health and wellness, which is central to the medical tourism industry, is one of the 13 key employment generators in the Jobs Fit Labor Market Information” (MENA Reports) The medical field is one is of the top 13 key jobs that is needed in our society. This profession is a hard to fill position and it is in high demand. The position is hard to fill because there is quite a bit of schooling and training needed in order to pursue this job. The article states “We need to fill up this demand by providing the right training and education so that we can create a niche specific in this emerging healthcare market. There is a huge potential in generating quality jobs in medical tourism, Baldoz said.”(MENA Repots) With this being said the author also talks about how we need higher education programs or institutions to learn more about this profession, the equipment being used and to make sure we are learning the right skills. “She also acknowledged the efforts of some higher education institutions which are pioneering in the offering of curricular programs to professionalize the health and wellness occupation.” (MENA Reports) In the next article we will be talking about how happy workers really are in the radiology department.

In this article it is going to explain how happy or not happy workers are in the radiology department, showing statistics from a survey they took on employees to determine whether employees are satisfied in their workplace. Along with how safe they feel in that environment. The article goes into a bit of detail on what the questionnaire/survey asked. The article states “The subject of the questionnaire was related to: (1) the working place, (2) safety of the working environment, (3) satisfaction at the working place, (4) familiarity with educational initiatives within the ESR and (5) reasons and motivation for mobility.” Once they obtained the results from the survey it showed that “A total of 1045 radiologists responded to the questionnaire.” (ESR) With that being said they reviewed the results and looked at everything more in detail. The survey showed that “52.3% were moderately satisfied with their working place.” (ESR) Over half the people in this career are pretty happy with their workplace but why is it only half? Why is it that the other fifty eight percent of the people are not happy in this field? It could be that they don’t like the environment of the hospital or doctor’s office they are working in. The survey also showed that “Of the responders 65.3% considered the working place safe.” (ESR) In my next article I will talk about how safe this work area really is. 

There are a lot of misconceptions when talking about the radiology department or even thinking about a career in this area. When people think of this area of work, they often think that rad techs don’t talk or interact with many patients. Well that is a false statement according to The Concorde Blog they stated that “Radiologic technologists regularly interact with patients and other medical professionals. Radiologists and radiologic technologists are regarded by some as the anti-social introverts of the medical field. Although some radiologic technologists do prefer to keep to themselves, all have the opportunity to interact with others on a regular basis.” (Concorde blog) they are often known as the anti-social group because while working they are in a fast-paced environment and don’t get much time to talk with other people unless you are the patient. A question that is often asked about this career is am I putting myself at risk for health issues in the future? Is this a safe place to work in since there is lots of radiation?  The short answer is no. As the Concorded Blog stated “The health risks associated with radiologic technology are minimal. Although those who worked in radiology prior to 1950 experienced a significantly increased risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease and other health problems, this is less of a problem for today’s radiologists and radiologic technologists. Research from the National Cancer Institute’s Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics indicates that modern work in radiologic technology does not increase the risk of multiple myeloma, lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, breast cancer or melanoma.” (Concorde Blog) since the 1950’s our technology and safety requirements have improved dramatically making it a lot safer to work in this department, such as using lead aprons to shield ourselves from the radiation while taking pictures.

Some advice I would give to others about this profession is work your butt off! This is one really hard field to get into and the studies are hard, especially medical terminology and anatomy and physiology. Your main goal is to study as much as you can. Form study groups use flash cards and use any material you think might help. Any program you apply for is going to be competitive, but you can’t discourage yourself if you don’t get in the first time just keep working. Hard work does pay off I promise. In the end it will all be worth all the work you did in college and throughout your clinicals too.

In conclusion I still have a few unanswered questions. One of the questions being If I want to switch from x-ray to MRI what would I need to do, or can I even switch to a different department? Another question I could not answer was the benefits that go along with this career. I’m assuming the benefits with this career just may vary from location to location. Along with the days or hours you will work or if you would work on holidays. All of these unanswered questions could be because every location is different, and every job might offer different things to employees. To finish I would like to add that I think I chose a good career to go into. It’s a high demand job and its always going to be something that people need. It’s a tough field but it will be worth it.

Works Cited

United States Department of Labor Bureau Statistics Radiologic Technologist BLS. 6 December 2019.URL

“Things Radiologic Technologist Schools”. US Official News, October 10, 2018 Wednesday. https://advance.lexis.com/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5TFY-H7K1-DXCW-D31X-00000-00&context=1516831. Accessed February 21, 2020.

“Philippines : PHs Rising Status as Top Retirement Haven Boosts Demand for Healthcare Jobs.”MENA Report, 2016. ProQuest, https://search-proquest-com.proxy.libraries.uc.edu/docview/1783605466?accountid=2909.

European Society of Radiology (ESR). “Radiology Trainees Forum Survey Report on Workplace Satisfaction, ESR Education, Mobility and Stress Level.” Insights into Imaging, vol. 9, no. 5, Oct. 2018, pp. 755–759. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1007/s13244-018-0649-7.

“Busted: Three Common Myths About Radiologic Technology.” Concorde Career College, Concorde Blog, 7 Feb. 2019, http://www.concorde.edu/about-us/blog/career-tips-advice/radiology-myths.

Delaney Worrix

Johnathan Maxey

English 1001

10, February 2020

In the paper titled Inventing the University written by David Bartholomae the author speaks about the difficult situation’s a student may have during writing. Bartholomae talks about when a student was given the task of explaining the meaning of inventing the university that they struggled with trying to get a definition because they didn’t know much about the topic. The student has to learn techniques that are used by expert writers, such as a new language that we normally would not use in our day to day conversations. Bartholomae goes into showing an essay written by a freshman college student and points out many mistakes that the student has made but is commonly made by lots of basic writers such as students. One of the major differences between the two writers is being able to detect their audience, such as who is going to be reading their work. A basic writer such as the freshman is not going to be as worried as to who their audience is going to be versus an expert writer who takes the time to think out who their audience is reading their work. The problem with basic writers is that they often fail at trying to send the message clearly without even knowing it. Basic writers may think that the message in their writing is clear but to the readers it may not be. Expert writers have more experience with this problem, and they know how to convey the message and make it clearer to the reader. 

I believe this article is to inform. It is to inform professors and young writers to become better at what they do by giving them tips and helpful hints on how to improve their writing. The message in the text is not very clear, you have to pick and choose from the text to figure out the actual message made out. The author is wanting young writers to become successful with their writing but also wants to help by giving out tips on how to become successful. I believe the audience intended for this would be college students and college professors.

            The problems addressed in the article is that students don’t know really what they are doing when they are writing. They kind of just get an assignment and do the assignments as they are told. Bartholomae gives out tips on how they can progress as writers such as expanding their vocabulary and their writing styles. Some of the key moments in the text is when Bartholomae talks about giving the students advice on how they can improve their writing habits. He also gives out some writing exercises that the students can do to help improve to meet their goals as a writer but also to have the readers understand the context as well.

I believe the structure the author used for this article is classical. The audience is getting something they need from the author, the author is very direct and gets to the point. The information the author is giving to the audience is helping them succeeded to become a better writer by giving out helpful tips and exercises they can do. I would say the authors tone in this article is academic. The tone is somewhat hard to understand the writing just because its different from what we are used to hearing in our everyday readings. The wordings used in the article differs from our normal vocabulary. The vocabulary is hard to understand because It’s not what we are normally using in our everyday conversations.

I believe Bartholomae is using ethos. I think it is ethos because he is gaining credibility by showing us examples of students writing and is reviewing it in an academic manor. Bartholomae also brings in other authors such as Linda Flower and Aristotle to back up the information that he is giving out. By bringing some of these other authors in he is proving that he is not the only one with these theories. Bartholomae is using these authors to provide facts and detailed examples that will be supporting his claims that are being stated in the text. One of the detailed examples that Bartholomae uses is the student essays, he shows how students misinterpret the phrase inventing the university. Then he goes on to show how the students can correct their writing.

From analyzing this article for serval weeks my overall thoughts on it are pretty good. From reading this article over and over it has taught me a few things. One thing it has taught me is to pay close attention to who my audience is going to be while I am writing, also it has taught me to widen my vocabulary while writing. I believe this article was very informational and gave out some good tips to professors and students. The only thing I disliked about this article is how hard it was to understand some of the language used in it because it was written more for professors rather than students, also it was published about forty years ago and since then our style of writing and vocabulary has changed juristically.

This related to me because I am just starting out in college writing and don’t have much experience. This article really showed me some great tips on how to improve on my writing skills and the language I use to write papers. It has opened my eyes up and showed me that I really need to keep in mind on who my audience is going to be as I am writing out my papers. In my course work I plan on using some of the exercises that Bartholomae has provided in the text.

Works Cited Page

Bartholomae, David. “Inventing the University.” Writing on the Margins, 2005, pp. 60–85., doi:10.1007/978-1-4039-8439-5_4.

In the paper titled Inventing the University written by David Bartholomae the author speaks about the difficult situation’s a student may have during writing. Bartholomae talks about when a student was given the task of explaining the meaning of inventing the university that they struggled with trying to get a definition because they didn’t know much about the topic. The student has to learn techniques that are used by expert writers, such as a new language that we normally would not use in our day to day conversations. Bartholomae goes into showing an essay written by a freshman college student and points out many mistakes that the student has made but is commonly made by lots of basic writers such as students. One of the major differences between the two writers is being able to detect their audience, such as who is going to be reading their work. A basic writer such as the freshman is not going to be as worried as to who their audience is going to be versus an expert writer who takes the time to think out who their audience is reading their work. The problem with basic writers is that they often fail at trying to send the message clearly without even knowing it. Basic writers may think that the message in their writing is clear but to the readers it may not be. Expert writers have more experience with this problem, and they know how to convey the message and make it clearer to the reader.